Nikah Ka Tarika: Islam Mein Sahi Tarika, Shartein, Nikah Nama aur Complete Guide
Quick Answer: Islamic Nikah ek shar’i aqd (contract) hai jo ijab-o-qubool (offer aur acceptance), mehr, do gawahon ki maujoodgi, aur dono parties ki khushi se razamandi par mabni hota hai. Yeh rishta sirf qanoon nahi — yeh Allah ke saamne kiya gaya ek muqaddas ahad hai.
Nikah Kya Hai?
Nikah Arabic lafz hai jiska lughat mein matlab hai “jama hona” ya “milna.” Shar’i istilah mein, nikah woh aqd hai jis ke zariye mard aur aurat halal taur par ek doosre ke liye hote hain — jism, maal, aur haqooq ke aitebaar se.
Yeh sirf ek social ya legal ceremony nahi. Allah Ta’ala ne Quran mein farmaya:
“Aur Uski nishaniyon mein se yeh hai ke usne tumhare liye tumheen mein se zaujain (biwiyaan) banai taake tum un ke paas chain pao, aur usne tumhare darmiyan mohabbat aur rehmat rakh di.” — (Quran 30:21, Sahih International)
Nabi ﷺ ne farmaya: “Nikah meri sunnah hai. Jo meri sunnah se munh moray woh mujh se nahi.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, 5063)
Islam mein nikah ibadat bhi hai aur farz bhi — ek aisa bandhan jo dono afraad ko duniya mein sakoon aur aakhirat mein sawab deta hai.
Islam Mein Nikah Ki Ahmiyat
Nasl ki hifazat: Islam ke maqasid-e-shari’ah mein nasl ki hifazat shaamil hai. Nikah isi ka zari’ah hai — bachon ki parwarish ek stable, halal ghar mein ho.
Haqooq aur zimmedariyan: Nikah ke zariye mard par nafaqah (kharch) wajib hota hai, aurat par izzat aur wafadari. Dono ke haqooq Quran aur Sunnah mein barabar wazeh hain.
Ijtima’i istehkaam: Ek mazboot nikah se ek mazboot ghar banta hai, aur mazboot gharon se ek mazboot ummah.
Roohani faida: Nabi ﷺ ne farmaya: “Jab banda shadi karta hai to usne apne deen ka adha hissa mukammal kar liya.” (Shu’ab al-Iman, al-Bayhaqi — Hasan darje ki riwayat)
Nikah Ka Tarika: Step by Step
1. Ijab — Proposal (Pesh Kash)
Ijab woh pehla qadam hai jab ek party dosri ko nikah ki pesh kash karti hai. Aksar wali (guardian) ki taraf se kaha jaata hai: “Mein apni beti [naam] ka nikah tumhare saath [mehr] ke badle karta hoon.”
Ijab waazi (clear) hona chahiye — ishare ya double meaning se kaam nahi chalega.
2. Qubool — Acceptance
Dulha is pesh kash ko qubool karta hai: “Maine qubool kiya.” — aur yahi lafz tin baar ya ek baar (majority scholars ke mutabiq ek baar bhi kaafi hai) kehna hoga.
Zaroori baat: Ijab aur qubool ek hi majlis mein — yani ek hi jagah aur ek hi waqt — hone chahiye. Zyada tar fuqaha ka yahi mauqif hai.
3. Mehr — Bridal Gift
Mehr woh raqam ya cheez hai jo mard aurat ko lazmi deta hai — yeh aurat ka haq hai, kisi ke sath “share” nahi hota. Allah Ta’ala farmata hai:
“Aur aurton ko unka mehr khushi se do.” — (Quran 4:4, Sahih International)
Mehr ki koi minimum ya maximum miqdar muqarrar nahi, lekin Nabi ﷺ ne ek lohe ki angoothi tak mehr qabool farmaya (Sahih al-Bukhari, 5149). Mehr mu’ajjal (fauran) ya mu’ajjal (baad mein) dono taraf se taiy ho sakta hai.
4. Gawah — Witnesses
Jumhoor (aksariyat) fuqaha — Hanafi, Shafi’i, aur Hanbali — ka mauqif hai ke nikah ke liye kam az kam do aaqil, baaligh, mard Muslim gawah zaroori hain. Maliki school mein gawahon ki shart mein kuch farq hai — isliye agar koi shakhs Maliki fiqh follow karta hai to apne aalim se rahnumai len.
Gawah woh hona chahiye jo ijab aur qubool dono sun ke samjhe. Agar gawah nahi hain to nikah baariz ikhtilaf ki wajah se mukhtalif schools mein mukhtalif hukm rakhta hai — isliye is zaroori shart mein laparwahi na barteen.
5. Nikah Khutbah
Nikah se pehle khutbah-tun-nikah sunnat hai — jis mein hamd, durood, aur taqqwa ki taraf rahnumai hoti hai. Yeh wajib nahi lekin mustahab aur masnoon hai. Imam Abdullah ibn Mas’ud (رضي الله عنه) se marwi khutbah ka aaj bhi zyada tar majalis mein istemal hota hai.
6. Dua
Nikah ke baad yeh dua masnoon hai:
“Baarakallahu laka wa baaraka ‘alayka wa jama’a baynakuma fi khayr.” (Allah tumhare liye barkat de, tumhare upar barkat nazil kare, aur tumhein khair mein jama kare.) — (Abu Dawood, 2130 — Sahih)
Nikah Ki Shartein — Checklist
| Shart | Wazahat |
|---|---|
| ✓ Ijab-o-Qubool | Waazi pesh kash aur qubool, ek hi majlis mein |
| ✓ Mehr | Mard ki taraf se aurat ka lazmi haq |
| ✓ Gawah | Kam az kam do (jumhoor fuqaha ke mutabiq) |
| ✓ Wali | Aurat ka guardian (Hanafi mein baaligh aurat khud bhi kar sakti hai — scholars se poochhein) |
| ✓ Razamandi | Dono ki apni marzi zaroori — jabri nikah Islam mein bay-asar hai |
| ✓ Mahram ki koi rukawat nahi | Haram rishton mein nikah jaiz nahi |
| ✓ Local qanoon | Apne mulk ke marriage laws ke mutabiq registration bhi karwayein |
Nikah Ka Ahem Masla: Wali (Guardian)
Hanafi school ke mutabiq ek baaligh aurat apna nikah khud kar sakti hai, lekin wali ki maujoodgi mustahab hai.
Shafi’i, Hanbali, aur Maliki school ke mutabiq wali ke bagair nikah sahih nahi hota.
Nabi ﷺ ka irshad hai: “Wali ke bagair nikah nahi hota.” (Abu Dawood, 2085 — Sahih)
Fuqaha ka is hadith ke application mein ijtihadi ikhtilaf hai. Agar aap Hanafi hain, tab bhi yeh behtar aur masnoon amal hai ke wali ko shamil karein. Apne imam ya aalim se apni specific situation ke mutabiq rahnumai zaroor len.
Nikah Ke Arkan (Essential Elements) — Ek Nazar Mein
| Rukn | Matlab |
|---|---|
| Ijab | Shadi ki pesh kash |
| Qubool | Pesh kash ka qubool |
| Mehr | Aurat ka lazmi bridal gift |
| Gawah | Do baaligh Muslim mard (jumhoor ke mutabiq) |
| Aqd | Nikah ka muqaddas ahad |
Nikah Nama Kya Hai?
Nikah Nama woh tehriri document hai jis mein nikah ki tamam details darj hoti hain — dulha aur dulhan ke naam, mehr ki miqdar aur qism, tarikh, jagah, gawahon ke dastakhat, aur wali ki raza.
Isme yeh maloomat hoti hai:
- Dulha aur dulhan ki poori tafsilaat
- Mehr ki raqam aur shartein
- Gawahon ke naam aur dastakhat
- Imam ya qazi ka naam
- Nikah ki tarikh aur jagah
Pakistan mein Nikah Nama Union Council ke zariye register hota hai. UAE mein shadi ka registration concerned government department ke through hota hai. Yeh hamesha check karein ke aapke mulk mein legal registration ke liye kya procedure hai — sirf mazhabi ceremony kaafi nahi hoti civil law ke liye.
Nikah Ke Baad Sunnat Amal
Walimah: Nikah ke baad dawat sunnat-e-muakkadah hai. Nabi ﷺ ne farmaya: “Walimah karo agarchay ek bhed ke zariye ho.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, 5167). Walimah teen din ke andar honi chahiye.
Pehli raat ki dua: Apni biwi ka maatha thaam kar yeh dua parhen:
“Allahumma inni as’aluka khayraha wa khayra ma jabaltaha ‘alayh, wa a’udhu bika min sharriha wa sharri ma jabaltaha ‘alayh.” — (Abu Dawood, 2160 — Sahih)
Haqooq ki adaigi: Nikah ke baad pehla kaam apne haqooq samajhna hai — mard pe nafaqah wajib hai, aur dono par izzat aur mohabbat.
Aam Ghalat Fehmiyan
“Nikah bina gawahon ke ho sakta hai” — Jumhoor fuqaha ke mutabiq yeh درست nahi. Gawah nikah ki ek bunyadi shart hai.
“Mehr optional hai” — Mehr aurat ka shar’i haq hai, optional nahi. Haan, miqdar kum ya zyada ho sakti hai aur waqt agree ho sakta hai, lekin mehr hona zaroori hai.
“Sirf zubaani iqrar kaafi hai” — Mazhabi taur par ijab-o-qubool kaafi hai, lekin aaj ke daur mein legal registration nahi hai to bahut se qanuni masail aa sakte hain. Isiliye tehriri Nikah Nama aur registration zaroori samjhein.
“Online nikah ho sakta hai” — Scholars ka is masle mein ikhtilaf hai. Zyada tar fuqaha ka mauqif hai ke wali, gawah, aur dulha/dulhan sab ka ek waqt mein barabar present hona (ya real-time video ke zariye) zaroori hai. Sirf messages ya emails se nikah nahi hota. Apne aalim se poochhein.
Read More:
Muslim Ek se Zyada Shadiyan Kyun Karte Hai ?
The Importance of Marriage in Islam
Aksar Pooche Jaane Wale Sawaalaat (FAQs)
Nikah ke liye kitne gawah chahiye? Jumhoor fuqaha (Hanafi, Shafi’i, Hanbali) ke mutabiq kam az kam do baaligh, aaqil, Muslim mard gawah zaroori hain. Maliki school mein is mein kuch farq hai.
Kya court marriage aur Nikah ek cheez hai? Nahi. Nikah Islamic shar’i aqd hai; court marriage civil qanoon ka hissa hai. Ek mukammal Muslim shadi mein dono hone chahiye — Islamic nikah bhi aur legal registration bhi.
Kya Nikah registration zaroori hai? Islamically nikah registration wajib nahi, lekin civil qanoon ke liye zaroori hai. Baghair registration ke aurat aur bachon ke qanuni haqooq mehfooz nahi rehte. Isliye hamesha register karwayein.
Mehr kab dena zaroori hai? Mu’ajjal mehr fauran dena chahiye; mu’ajjal mehr ki milaad taiy ho sakti hai. Lekin mehr ki eda dono parties ki razamandi se taiy hoti hai — dobara yaad rahe, yeh aurat ka haq hai aur usse maafi to diya ja sakta hai lekin zabardasti nahi.
Kya biwi mehr maaf kar sakti hai? Haan, agar aurat apni khushi se maaf kare to yeh jaiz hai. Allah farmata hai: “Lekin agar woh khud khushi se kuch chhod den to use khushi se kha lo.” (Quran 4:4)
Khaas Haalaat Mein Kisi Aalim Se Zaroor Rabta Karein
Agar:
- Wali maujood nahi ya inkar kar raha hai
- Doosri shadi ka iraada ho
- Ek fiqh school follow karte hain lekin doosri country mein shadi ho rahi hai
- Online ya long-distance nikah ka sochh rahe hain
…to in tamam sawalaat ke liye sirf ek general article kaafi nahi. Apne nazdiki imam, qaazi, ya Darul Ifta se rahnumai len.
Khatima
Nikah koi ritual nahi — yeh ek muqaddas ahad hai jo aap apni biwi/shohar aur Allah ke darmiyan karte hain. Ijab-o-qubool ke woh alfaaz sirf do zindagiyan nahi jodte — woh ek naya ghar, ek naya silsila, aur ek naya daur shuru karte hain.
Is process ko sahi samajhna, doosron ki rahnumai mein karna, aur Allah se dua maangna ke woh is rishte mein barkat de — yahi nikah ka asli matlab hai.
“Hamare Parwardigar, hamen apni azwaaj aur aulad ki taraf se aankhon ki thundak ata farma.” — (Quran 25:74)
Yeh article amumi taleem ke liye hai. Apni specific situation ke liye kisi mustanad aalim ya imam se zaroor rahnumai haasil karein.
References: Quran 30:21, 4:4, 25:74 (Sahih International translation) | Sahih al-Bukhari 5063, 5149, 5167 | Abu Dawood 2085, 2130, 2160 | Shu’ab al-Iman (al-Bayhaqi)