Islam Mein Khawateen Ke Huqooq: Quran Aur Hadees Ki Roshni Mein Mukammal Maloomat
Ta’aruf
Bohat se logon ke zehan mein yeh sawal zaroor aata hai: kya Islam ne waqai aurat ko woh maqam diya hai jis ka daawa kiya jata hai? Maghribi media mein aksar yeh ta’assur diya jata hai ke Islam aurat ke huqooq salab karta hai, jabke doosri taraf bohat se musalman gharano mein rasm o riwaj ke naam par aurat ko woh huqooq nahi diye jate jo khud Quran o Hadees ne chaudah sau saal pehle muta’ayyan kar diye the.
Yeh farq samajhna zaroori hai: Islam ki ta’leemat aur musalmano ke mua’shrati rawaiye hamesha ek jaisay nahi hote. Is maazmoon mein hum Quran aur saheeh ahadees ki roshni mein dekhenge ke Islam ne aurat ko kin bunyadi huqooq se nawaza, yeh huqooq amali zindagi mein kaise kaam karte hain, aur is baray mein aam ghalat fahmiyon ka jaiza lenge.
Lughvi Aur Istalahi Pas-e-Manzar
Arabi zaban mein aurat ke liye lafz “mar’ah” (imra’ah) istemal hota hai, aur “huqooq” ki jama “haq” se hai jis ka matlab hai woh cheez jo kisi ke liye wajib ya lazim ho. Quran mein aurat aur mard dono ko “nafs-e-wahida” se paida hone wali makhlooq qarar diya gaya hai, yani takhleeqi haisiyat mein dono barabar hain:
“Aye logo! Apne Rab se daro jis ne tumhein ek jaan se paida kiya aur usi jaan se uska jora banaya” (Quran 4:1, tarjuma: Abdul Haq Haqqani)
Yeh ayat is bunyadi usool ki wazahat karti hai ke aurat aur mard ki takhleeq mein koi darja bandi nahi — dono insaniyat ke aitbar se barabar hain, agarche zimmedariyon mein farq rakha gaya hai.
Quran o Sunnat Se Bunyad
Islam ne aurat ko jin bunyadi huqooq se nawaza un mein se chand aham tareen darj-e-zail hain:
Roohani aur Akhlaqi Barabari:
“Jo koi nek amal kare, mard ho ya aurat, bashart-e-ke woh momin ho, hum usay zaroor pakeezah zindagi ata karenge” (Quran 16:97)
Is ayat mein Allah Ta’ala ne sarahat se mard o aurat dono ke liye yaksan ajar ka wada kiya hai.
Ta’leem Ka Haq: Nabi Kareem sallallahu alaihi wasallam ka irshad hai: “Ilm hasil karna har musalman mard aur har musalman aurat par farz hai” (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadees 224). Is hadees ki sanad mein baaz muhaddiseen ne kalam kiya hai, lekin iska mafhoom deegar saheeh ahadees se bhi saabit hai, jaise Hazrat Ayesha (رضی اللہ عنہا) ka ilm hasil karna aur sahabiyat ka Nabi Kareem sallallahu alaihi wasallam se bilwasita sawalat karna (Saheeh Bukhari mein muta’addid maqamat par mazkoor).
Wirasat Ka Haq: Islam se pehle Arab mua’shray mein aurat ko wirasat mein kuch nahi milta tha, balke woh khud bhi wirasat ka hissa samjhi jati thi. Quran ne yeh nizam yaksar badal diya:
“Mardon ke liye is maal mein se hissa hai jo maa baap aur rishtedaron ne chhora, aur aurton ke liye bhi is mein se hissa hai” (Quran 4:7)
Yahan se wazeh hai ke wirasat ka haq kisi riayat ke taur par nahi balke ek bunyadi haq ke taur par muqarrar kiya gaya.
Mahr Aur Maali Khud-Mukhtari:
“Aur aurton ko unke mahr khush dili se ada karo” (Quran 4:4)
Mahr aurat ka zaati haq hai, shohar ya khandan ka nahi, aur woh apni marzi se usay istemal kar sakti hai. Isi tarah aurat ko apni kamai, jaidad aur maali maamlaat mein mukammal khud-mukhtari hasil hai — Quran o Sunnat mein kahin yeh nahi kaha gaya ke aurat ki kamai shohar ya ghar ke akhrajaat mein dena lazim hai.
Nikah Mein Razamandi: Hazrat Abu Hurairah (رضی اللہ عنہ) se riwayat hai ke Nabi Kareem sallallahu alaihi wasallam ne farmaya: “Bewa aurat ka nikah us waqt tak na kiya jaye jab tak us se mashwara na liya jaye, aur kunwari larki ka nikah us waqt tak na kiya jaye jab tak uski ijazat na li jaye” (Saheeh Bukhari, Hadees 5136).
Is maamle mein kuch fiqhi tafseelat par mukhtalif maktab-e-fikr ke darmiyan ikhtilaf-e-raye maujood hai, khususan baap ke wali hone ke ikhtiyar ki had se mutaliq, lekin bunyadi usool — ke aurat ki razamandi ke baghair nikah durust nahi — par tamam maktab-e-fikr muttafiq hain.
Amali Zindagi Mein Yeh Huqooq Kaise Kaam Karte Hain
1. Ta’leemi Maidan Mein: Aurat kisi bhi ilm — deeni ho ya dunyawi — ke husool ki mukammal haqdar hai. Tareekh mein Hazrat Ayesha (رضی اللہ عنہا) jaisi khawateen baray baray fuqaha aur sahaba ko hadees aur fiqh ki ta’leem deti thi.
2. Ma’ashi Maidan Mein: Aurat karobar kar sakti hai, mulazmat ikhtiyar kar sakti hai, jaidad khareed o farokht kar sakti hai. Hazrat Khadijah (رضی اللہ عنہا) khud ek kamyab tajira thi, aur Nabi Kareem sallallahu alaihi wasallam nikah se pehle unke karobar mein shareek rahe.
3. Nikah Aur Talaq Mein: Aurat ko “khula” ka haq hasil hai, yani agar woh nikah jari nahi rakhna chahti to woh adalat ya shohar se alaihdagi ki darkhwast kar sakti hai (Quran 2:229).
4. Siyasi o Samaji Maidan Mein: Khawateen ne baiyat mein shirkat ki (Quran 60:12), masjid mein namaz ada ki, aur mua’shrati maamlaat mein raye di.
Aham Shart: Yeh tamam huqooq zimmedariyon ke saath mutawazin hain — Islam mein haq aur farz saath saath chalte hain, chahe woh mard ho ya aurat.
Hikmat Aur Fawaid
Roohani Pehlu: Jab aurat apne huqooq se aagah hoti hai aur unhein Allah ki taraf se ata kardah samajhti hai, to uska Allah se ta’alluq mazboot hota hai — yeh mahz qanooni huqooq nahi balke ibadat ka hissa hain.
Zaati Pehlu: Khud-mukhtari aur izzat-e-nafs — aurat ko maloom hota hai ke uski haisiyat kisi riayat par munhasir nahi balke deen ka hissa hai.
Mua’shrati Pehlu: Jab gharane aur mua’shray Quran o Sunnat ke mutabiq aurat ke huqooq ka ehteram karte hain, to khandani nizam mazboot aur mutawazin rehta hai.
Aam Ghalat Fahmiyan
Ghalat Fahmi 1: “Islam mein aurat ki gawahi mard se aadhi hoti hai, yani uski aqal kamzor samjhi jati hai.” Yeh usool sirf maali maamlaat ki makhsoos gawahi se mutaliq hai (Quran 2:282) aur iski wajah aqal ki kami nahi balke is daur mein aurton ki maali maamlaat mein kam mashghooliyat batai jati hai. Deegar maamlaat, jaise hadees ki riwayat, mein aurat ki gawahi mard ke barabar mani jati hai — Hazrat Ayesha (رضی اللہ عنہا) ki riwayat kardah sainkron ahadees iski misal hain.
Ghalat Fahmi 2: “Aurat ko ghar se nikalne ki ijazat nahi.” Quran o Hadees mein aisi koi pabandi nahi. Khawateen-e-sahabiyat masjid jati thi, tijarat karti thi, aur jangon mein zakhmiyon ki teemardari ke liye bhi jati thi (Saheeh Muslim mein Hazrat Rabi bint Muawwiz ki riwayat). Gharelo rasm o riwaj ko deen samajh lena ek aam ghalati hai.
Ghalat Fahmi 3: “Wirasat mein aurat ko hamesha mard se aadha milta hai.” Yeh usool har soorat mein laagu nahi hota. Wirasat ki taqseem rishtay ki nau’iyat aur zimmedariyon par munhasir hai; baaz sooraton mein aurat ka hissa mard ke barabar ya usse zyada bhi ho sakta hai.
Amali Nateeja Aur Ghor o Fikr Ki Da’wat
Agar aap khud aurat hain, to apne deeni huqooq ko seekhein — yeh aap par riayat nahi balke Allah ki taraf se ata kardah haq hai. Aur agar aapke ghar mein koi aurat hai — maa, behen, biwi, beti — to is hafte waqt nikal kar yeh jaiza lein ke kya uske Quran o Sunnat mein diye gaye huqooq (ta’leem, maali khud-mukhtari, razamandi, izzat) poore kiye ja rahe hain, ya rasm o riwaj ne deen ki jagah le li hai.
Note: Yeh maazmoon aam ta’leemi maqasid ke liye hai. Fiqhi tafseelat aur infiradi maamlaat ke liye mustanad aalim-e-deen se rujoo karne ki sifarish ki jati hai.